Performance Measurement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Performance Measurement - Research Paper ExampleJack Cohen, pioneer of Tesco, set up the organization in 1919 when he started to sell extra household items in the eastern parts of London. The name Tesco was first came on the horizon in 1924 while its first store was open up in 1929. After thirteen years, Tesco turned out to be a limited conjunction in 1932. Cohen struggled very hard to establish and expand its business. By 1939, he succeeded in establishing much than snow Tesco stores all over the United Kingdom (Tesco Stores Limited). Tesco had a steady pace till 1980 whereby it gradually declined, however, in 90s, the company took a fresh stance and set a goal to become the Europes top food outlet (Tesco, 2009). For this particular rationale it chose to lead its areas of operations all over the European countries even ventured into Asian emerging markets especially in Gulf and Central Asian States. In UK, It rapidly expand its network from 500 to 2500 grocery stores. In early 90s the entry of Tesco in Ireland was so aggressive that it purchased all the retail stores of Quinnworth, Stewart, and Crazy Prices. Today almost more than 8000 brands are being offered to the customers at all major stores across the globe. The brands include electronic items, fuel, cloth, books, furniture, household daily routine items, Internet services, DVDs, CDs, and many other brands. Tesco plc forthwith engages more than 500,000 individuals who belong to fourteen different countries (Hawkes, 2012). In 2009, Tescos income surpassed ?1 billion each week and it continued for the whole year (Microsoft, 2010). Presently its dowery cost is 427. 55p and is far more than its top rivals having a share price of 332. 40p (Tesco, 2009). In London stock market, the Tesco function with logo TSCO where it is also part of FTSE 100 Index with revenue of ?64.539 billion and the net income of ?2.806 billion. The Balanced Scorecard is scheme performance management tool. It has been observed t hat most companies fail to execute the system and to return it at the lower direct. The major cause of this failure is the complex strategy which the employees unable to understand at mass level. Sometimes only that person understands and knows the pros and cons of the strategy that have written or formulated it but even then there are cases that even formulator has no good idea to execute the strategy successfully. With the application of Balanced Scorecard the strategy approaches become more structured. It explains how one should make a systematic strategy for his or her organization, what perspective should be taken account, and consequently this approach gives exciting results. Most famous 1000 index companies have implemented Balanced Scorecard in their organizations. The foremost necessity of a balanced scorecard is that it helps the companies to understand the strategy, and supports to measure and improve their performances. Further routine jobs and everyday problems have no links with strategic objectives. These jobs, tasks, and problems are resolved and punish by the company but they dont contribute to the major goals. The concept of Balanced Scorecard is different. It brings the top managers, CEOs, and investors to explain their strategies and goals. It links those goals to low level initiatives and line-level employees. It enables the

Personal Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 7

Personal Narrative - Essay ExampleWe only moved to Hong Kong soon afterward my father secured a job as an accountant. After saving for a while, he was able to open a restaurant business for my mom. Luckily, for me, I began discharge to international school.Living with my parents in the modem and developed city provided me with an opportunity to learn so much about business and were probably one of the reasons why I developed interest in business. I recall vividly how my father could take me along in his business trips. In these trips, we always met high visibleness people with whom they conducted business. Whenever we came back from the trips, I could tell my mum about the fascinating experience I had. She always reminded me that in order to be like my father, I first had to work hard in class.As time moved on, my interest in business grew. This was partly because of the business trips that my father took me, and my mother was an entrepreneur. Our mansion was always full of busin ess talk. Upon realizing my interest in business, my parents supported me and that created a self-belief that I could actually grow to become a great businessperson.By the term of 13, I remember I could accompany my mother to her restaurant during my vacations. While with her, she delegated some duties to me. For instance, she always asked me to welcome clients, a task I performed graciously. With time, I was appoint even bigger roles. Another reason that made want to be an accountant was to help people set up their businesses. My thoughts were that accounting was the best field any person could want to study, with all these decision and encouragement I decided to study overboard for a better future.Everything was in my plan sooner I came to America, then I had an encounter that forever changed my career aspirations. After my college orientations had been finished, I started choosing my classes for the first quarter. I realize most of the prerequisite courses did not

The Congo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Congo - Essay ExampleThe independence did not solve all the problems of Congo, and problems started arising in the province of Katanga, which was enriched with mines. The province was on a lower floor the control of Moise Tshombe, who in July 1960 supported the Belgium mercenaries and the Belgium Mining company named Union Minere. After having this support, he declared Kantanga independence. Due to this treachery to the Congo government, Lumumba requested United Nations to wait on into the matter and resolve all the upcoming issues and probable Civil War.The Lumumbas government requested UN military doance to protect the national territory of the Congo against the salute external aggression which is a threat to international peace. There was no request to restore internal stability. However, Secretary-General Hammarskjold recommended to the Security Council the establishment of a peace-keeping force to assist the government of the Congo in maintaining law and order until, wit h technical assistance from the UN, the Congolese national security forces were able to meet these tasks. The Security Council authorized the Secretary-General to civilise the necessary steps for this purpose and called on Belgium to withdraw its troops from the territory. Thus began what, until the operation in Cambodia, was the largest UN peacekeeping operation (reaching a peak of 20,000 troops addition a large civilian corps) and one with a profound influence on internal developments in a member state. The Secretary-General was fully aware of the sensibility of the action that the UN was undertaking in the Congo, both in terms of the attitudes of the foreign countries having a strong interest in the course of events in the Congo, and of the resistance of the Congolese government to any seeming.UN Peace Keeping Mission in Congo -Congo Crisis (MONUC)The secretary-general thus faced a government clearly desperately searching for assistance, and the contingency that outside powers might fill the resulting vacuum if the UN did not. Acting under Article 99 of the charter for the first time in the organizations history, the secretary-general called for a Security Council confrontation to discuss the issue. In doing so, Hammarskjold set in motion the UN inter-group communication in the Congo. That involvement took the form of an operation that, until the 1990s, was the largest UN peacekeeping operation on record. It was also an involvement that prompted a crisis so deep and an experience so devastating for the United Nations that once the UN operation in the Congo was officially over the UN did its best not only to put the experience behind it but also to forget it altogether.The willingness to use force in the Congo was a first for the United Nations and it came in the early days of UN experience with peacekeeping. Some of the logistical and communication problems associated with the operation, therefore, can be attributed to a general lack of experience and procedures. Command and control problems, for example, such as those associated with the final unexpected push into Jadotville that surprised UN headquarters, fall into this category. It remains possible, though, that the Jadotville example, like the murky background to Operation Morthor, is an example of a disconnect mingled with decision making in the field and decision making at UN headquarters, either

Cultural Impacts of Sino-Japanese War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cultural Impacts of Sino- lacquerese War - Essay ExampleAt the same time as both - China and Japan - had benefited from a mostly symbiotic, ibig brother-little brother rapport in prehistoric times, and the twist of the 20th century marked the beginning of their disturbed rapport up to now. Japans imperialist triumph over China in the earliest Sino-Japanese War (1894-1985) upturned Chinas preceding supremacy within the dumbfound and lay down the tenor for Japans domination over China for the century ahead. Chinas consequential bearing of Achilles heel and persecution was worsened by enforced lenience to Japan at the Versailles Peace Conference post-World War Iii, which sparkled crowded anti-Japanese lobbies terminating in the May Fourth Movement of 1919 and a countrywide imposed sanctions of Japanese merchandise that pursue (Shih 1986). Later on, Japanese carnage in the following Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) also seeded crowded anti-Japanese movements and cemented Chinas hatred of Japan, ultimately fueling the anti-Japanese constituents of Chinese jingoism. Till 2005, the enthrall of Nanjing of December 1937iii - the most horrible single event of Japanese bloodbath in China, where 300,000 Chinese nationals were cruelly assassinated throughout six weeks - persisted to exist on in Chinese reminiscences as a mark of Japanese brutality and a stimulation for continuous anti-Japanese ways of thinking in China these eld (Backman 2005). The intensifying Sino-Japanese conflict is driven both by larger historical factors and by atomic number 99 Asias changing strategic balance. World War II and the crisp War left the Sino-Japanese rivalry unresolved (Backman 2005). Japans surrender in 1945 did not end in regional reconciliation or integration in East Asia, or a common acceptance within Japan of the ravages perpetrated by the imperialistic regime. Although most Japanese supported the U.S.-created peace establishment and vowed never once again to engage in warfa re, the values, perceptions, and leaders of the period of imperial expansion were not categorically washed their hands of, as their fascist equivalents had been in Europe. This was partly the result of U.S. decisions to retain the emperor and permit politicians and bureaucrats associated with the imperial wartime regime to regain positions and organize political parties in the new postwar Japan (McCluskey 1999). More broadly, postwar Japanese society did not entirely jettison its distorted self-image of Japan as a struggling Asian nation beset by Western imperialists and eventually forced into a defensive war. Many Japanese also prefer to see themselves as victims of the war and not as aggressors, largely as a result of the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Moreover, the Communist victory in China in 1949iv created lasting geopolitical divisions between the two Asian powers that made reconciliation even more difficult. In order to inflect their own nationalist credentials, the leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) deliberately sought to sustain and strengthen a public image of Japan as a potentially aggressive, militaristic nation. During the Cold War, the U.S.-Soviet strategic conflict in East Asia not only when overshadowed but effectively

Aid for trade is beneficial for developing countries but Coursework - 1

Aid for wiliness is beneficial for developing countries but disadvantageous for firms in the developed world - Coursework ExampleThe guidelines are monitored and implemented by the WTO. Some of the International trade organizations include the Uruguay round of trade, the OECD and the Irish fair trade network. An example of an anti-globalization movement is the global justice movement which is against organizations such as WTO and OECD which promote globalization.Aid for trade was meant to assist developing countries to expand their trade in order to eradicate social problems such aspoverty and poor firm performance. The aim of the international community constitutes mobilizing resources to address trade constraints among the LCDs to help them streamline their trade. However, almost of the third world nations such as African countries do not project the capacity of undertaking large infrastructural projects on their own without capital funding from developed nations. On the other hand, firmsfrom developed nations benefit from offering aid for trade to developing nations because they increase their market share and at the same time they may be given mining rights as a favor in return (Wilkinson,2010). In general, firms from the developing nations tend to benefit more than while giving aids while third world countries tend to be more economically unstable and dependent, always waiting to be given donations.International trade to beneficial to both trade partners this explains the reason why it is largely embraced. Unfortunately, most exports from developing nations are agricultural-based, for example, tea that often faces unfavorable terms of trade whereby the income generated from exports is less than the import payments (Berndt, 2013). This results in situations where third world nations accumulate huge international debts with firms from developed nations. The balance of payments for developing countries is always a deficit, making these countries even mo re economically unstable. This clearly reveals that though there are rules on

Ethical & Legal Issues in Counseling Essay Example for Free

Ethical Legal Issues in pleader EssayCounselors like each almost other medical professionals be guided by professional ethics when it comes to performance of their duties. More often than non, mental health professions are usually faced with the challenge to observe ethical guidelines and legal concerns overdue to the unique criteria that comes with their job. Primarily, the ethical requirement requires the confidentiality, privacy, and professional kindred between the counselor and the client. This is meant to safeguard the well being of the client and the society at large. The American Counseling Association however provides the ethical guidelines to help these professionals to be able to strike a balance between the ethical charge and the legal requirements depending on the civilise of the patient. This leads us to the ethical and legal issues in counseling profession which stems from the 1976 arbitrary beg feeling in the State of calcium better known as the Tara soff v. Regents of University of California ruling. This paper shall review the California absolute coquette ruling giving details of the case and its implications on the counseling profession.It will also return the Virginia Tech catastrophe and draw comparisons between the incident and the Tarasoff decision. Review of California Supreme woo findings Mental health professionals are confronted with scenarios in which the patients are expressive of some tendencies to cause harm to other individuals. This presents a dilemma on what should the mental health professional do in an effort to avert the impending danger that the client might pose to the triad party. In legal terms, this has been referred to as the psychotherapys craft to warn or protect third parties.The duty to warn and/or protect the third parties came up during the Tarasoff V. Regents of the University of California case in 1976. After learning of the incident in detail, the California Supreme Court observed that the psychotherapists engaged in the treatment of mentally disturbed patients had the duty to warn the threatened individuals based on their well-founded divvy up in an effort to prevent the foreseeable danger that may arise from the condition of the patient (Buckner, and Firest star, 2000).In this landmark ruling, the Supreme Court had learnt of the negligence of the parties concerned which culminated in the death of the Tatiana Tarasoff. The facts of the case discoverlined that Prosenjit Poddar and Tatiana were in a relationship which to Poddar, was destined to be intimate. However, when Tatiana revealed to him that they were not going to be in much(prenominal) a relationship Poddar was heartbroken leading to the start of the emotional and mental breakdown. Tatiana left for Brazil in the summer of 1969 and Poddars conditions started to show some signs of improvement.He was later to embark for psychotherapeutic sessions after a friend advised him to do so and became a voluntar y outpatient at Cowell Memorial Hospital. He was placed under the care of Dr. Lawrence Moore and it is argued that he confided to the doctor that he was going to commit murder. He was referring to Tatiana, his sup constitute girlfriend when she returned from Brazil (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). Dr. Lawrence Moore took an initiative to notify the police officers based on the campus regarding the marks of his patient.He even wrote a letter to the police Chief based at the campus elaborating that Poddar was suffering from an acute and severe paranoid schizophrenic reaction and that he could be a danger not only to him self but also to the other people. The doctor proposed that he was ready to sign the seventy- cardinal hour surveillance decree if the police decided to pick up the patient and relocate him to Herrick Hospital. The doctor also observed that his patients behavior could at times be rational. Doctors Gold and James Yandell, who were supervisors to Dr.Moore, agreed with h is diagnosis and recommendations that Poddar needed to be hospitalized. The patient was taken by the police and put into custody. The police officers including Gary L. Browning Joseph P. Halleran and Atkinson interrogated Podder and found out that he was indeed rational and had changed his attitude. The police however released Poddar from custody after he promised to avoid Tatiana and stay far away from her. On the same issue, Dr. Harvey Powelson, who was the film director of Psychiatry at Cowell Memorial Hospital ordered for the return of the letter that had been written by Dr.Moore to the police chief requesting for the 72-hour emergence detention of Poddar. He called for its final stage including the notes that had been written by Dr. Moore on the patient. The Director also issued warnings against taking of any action in putting Podder under the 72-hour emergency surveillance (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). In the month of October 1969, Tatiana returned from Brazil and Poddar failed to live by the promise that he had do to the police and continued to pursue her. It is claimed that Poddar halt his appointments with Dr.Moore after Tatiana had returned from her trip. However, the Supreme Court observed that Poddar had stopped seeing the psychotherapist after he was detained by the campus police. All the same, towards the end of October in 1969, Podder went to check on Tatiana at their home. At first he could not find Tatiana and was ordered to leave by Tatianas mother. Podder was to come back later equipped with a knife and a pellet gun. This time, he was well-fixed to find Tatiana alone at home. Tatiana refused to speak to Poddar and upon insisting, Tatiana started screaming.This prompted Poddar to aim at her with the pellet gun with Tatiana running wildly from the house. Poddar pursued her and was able to catch her up in the yard stabbing her severally. Poddar then retuned to the house and informed the police of what he had done asking to be handcuffed (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). Dr. Kermit Gruberg, who was serving the Berkeley Police Department upon observation of Poddar in less than twenty four hours of the incident, confirmed that Poddar was a victim of paranoid schizophrenia.Poddar was charged with murder though he refused to enter a plea on the ground of insanity. Some times before he was tried, examinations from a neurologist who was hired by the defense indicated that Poddar had organic abnormalities in his brains. During the trial, Dr. Philip Grossi, Dr. Gruberg, Dr. Anderson, Dr. Moore, and Dr. Gold gave testimonies that Podder was insane and a paranoid schizophrenic. It was during the testimonies of Dr. Moore and Dr. Gold that the details about the victims plans to murder Tatiana were exposed.Poddar was convicted to second degree murder and following numerous appeals, he was released and ordered to forthwith leave the United States, never to come back (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). Vitaly and Lydia Tarasoff, who w ere parents to Tatiana, filed the wrongful death suits against the University of California and the psychotherapists who were treating Poddar. The parents alleged four actions which included tribulation to detain Poddar by the psychotherapists and failure to warn the Tarasoffs that Poddar was of effectiveness danger to their daughter.The other two allegations included the one directed towards Dr. Powelson following his activities in abandoning a dangerous patient and the last one was regarding the Breach of Primary Duty to Patient and the Public which was more same to the first allegation (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). The rulings of the Alameda County gilt-edged Court and the court of appeals dismissed the case ruling in the favor of the defendants. It was argued that there was no special relationship between the defendants and Tatiana or her parents and thus there was no obligation to warn.Dr. Powelson was verbalize to have had no duty to commit Poddar and in case he did so, this action was fdiscretionary and in accordance with the statutes. The Tarasoffs were not satisfied and sought redress from the California Supreme Court (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). California Supreme Court Decision and its impacts on counseling profession The decision made in 1976 by the Supreme Court is say to be a second time in considering the case. The very first decision was made in 1974 whereas the second decision emanated from the re-hearing which was granted in 1975.The first decision exemplified that the campus police had a case to answer for having failed to warn Tatiana whereas the second decision was freed them from all legal responsibility (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). In the second decision, psychotherapists were pass on greater latitude to offer protection to the potential victims. In the first decision by the California Supreme Court, the defendants claimed that had no obligation to issue any warnings to Tatiana or the Tarasoffs since they were not patients to the therapists. The court rejected this view while observing some exceptions.Under this the court observed that though the defendants had an exceptional relationship with Poddar as their patient they had even attempted to control his behavior through the initiation of a police detention (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). The defendants were also opposed to the duty to warn potential victims calling it problematic in the performance of their duties. However, the Court was quick to assure that not all incidences reported could result into the duty to warn and that a reasonable degree of skill, knowledge, and care would be required in exercising good judgment within the acceptable professional opinion.On the need to protect the confidentiality of the patient, the Court observed that limitation must be observed in disclosing information to prevent danger of patients to other individuals. In the second decision, the California Supreme Court required the psychotherapists to discharge duty to the endangered third parties by other means apart from warning them. The duty to warn was therefore changed to become the duty to protect under the second decision.The Court held on the decision that required the psychotherapy to protect third party victims upon using reasonable care aimed at protecting the other individuals from the dangers posed by their patients. The Court held that the Psychiatrists could warn the would be victims directly, sending other people who are likely to inform the intended individual, making known the law enforcement agencies, or taking any necessary step depending on the situation (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). Following the landmark ruling in the Tarasoff v.Regents of University of California, many another(prenominal) individuals thought that such a decision was an abnormal one and likely to be overlooked. The professions in mental health also observed that this decision was aimed at undermining psychotherapy practice through the destruction of the principles of confidentiality. Such observations were to be proved wrong since in a couple of years time, a New Jersey Superior Court in the McIntosh v. Milano (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000), indicted a psychiatrist basing on the Tarasoff incident.It has to be observed that the California Supreme Court decision which required the mental health professions to open a warning to third party individuals who were in potential danger from their patients has been adopted in most jurisdictions and the decision has even been broaden to incorporate other areas in healthcare practice (Buckner, and Firestone, 2000). The American Counseling Association (ACA) elaborates on the steps to be taken when there is a difference of opinion between the found code of ethics and law requirement.The ACA observes that in the event there is a conflict, the counselors have the duty to make known their commitment to the ACA Code of Ethics and when the conflict stands unresolved by this counselors have n o choice but to relinquish their code of ethics and adhere to the laws and regulations. This means that the law reigns when there is a conflict between the established ethical responsibilities and the law (Docstoc, 2010). The Tragedy at Virginia Tech Preliminary facts regarding the tragic incident at the Virginia Tech in the year 2007 were appalling.On this fateful day, 33 school-age childs and staff lost their lives in a gibe spree carried out by one of the students at the institution. The perpetrator was an English student known as Cho Seung-Hui who was described as a loner by his colleagues and is said have been identified by at least two of his professors as troubled. Earlier on the fateful day, Cho Seung-Hui is said to have mailed a tape to NBC News after having killed two of his victims. In the tape, he fumed against the wealthy in the society and argued that the society was to blame for his actions.The tape indicates that Cho Seung-Hui was full of rage and that he was emot ionally troubled. His roommates and friends observed that Cho Seung-Hui showed anti-social tendencies on campus. He is said to have rarely engaged in conversations and was known for one word answers especially on questions that could expose much of him. Further more it has been established that much of the writings made by Cho in his course work revealed violence and murderous images and fury directed towards the female gender (Angelo, 2007).The incident at the Virginia Tech relates in many aspects to the Tarasoff case where the defendants failed to issue warning to the victim and her family. The United States Department of Education findings indicate that the institution dishonored the established campus crime-reporting legislations in responding to the shootings. It is argued that after the first shooting incident occurred at approximately a quarter past seven in the morning only for the university to issue the e-mail warning at around nine thirty.A moment later the gunman went on a shooting spree which resulted in the death of 33 students and professors including the gunman who shot himself. seasonable warning was not issued and that the e-mail that was issued was inadequate as it failed to comprehensively pass the message. The mail read, shooting incident without mentioning any fatalities. There is no justification for the two hour delay from the very first incident and the vagueness of the warning.The Virginia Tech officials had enough information that could have helped in identifying the threat and passing information to students and employees (Lipka, 2010). After the shooting, many people have claimed to have raised an alarm regarding Chos behavior two years before the incident. His English teacher at the institute is said to have been alarmed by his drawings and even asked him to stay out of class. There were also two other complaints rose by female students at the institution.Cho is said to have contacted one of the female in person and by phone and the other through instant message. After the incident were reported to the campus police, the only asked Cho not to repeat his advances. In the year 2005, the victim is said to have been ordered to a psychiatric observation by a court which revealed that he posed imminent danger to himself. He is also said to have spoken of suicide on several occasion. The officials from higher education claims that these observations are in dispute with the students near to privacy.Thus the institution was not in any position to conduct the parents of Cho without his consent on his background (Angelo, 2007). It is evident that those who had some crucial information on Cho Seung-Hui did not take the bold step on sharing the same. It is assumed that by sharing the information that colleagues and professors held about that the young person man harbored could have seen the ugly incident averted through psychotherapy. It has been argued that his roommates and some professors had observed some warnin g behavioral traits.According to the findings of the 2007 Report to the chairwoman on Issues raise by the Virginia Tech Tragedy it was found that there are impediments in sharing of crucial information. One of the findings read Education officials, healthcare providers, law enforcement personnel, and others are not fully informed about when they can share critical information on persons who are likely to be a danger to self or others, and the resulting confusion may chill legitimate information sharing (The White House, 2007, para 4) ConclusionIn the Tarasoff incident, the patient is said to have revealed of his intention to kill the girlfriend to the psychiatrists but the therapist failed to issue a warning to the intended victim which tragically ended in the death of the victim. The therapists were found to be answerable for having failed in their duty to warn the victim of the potential danger posed by their patient. The psychiatrists cited breach of confidentiality in their def ense which was dismissed by the Supreme Court ruling by offering guidelines on the confidentiality issue.The Virginia Tech incident on the other hand presents a scenario where the institution was barred by the right to privacy to inquire into the psychiatric background of the student gunman and this led to the fatal incident where many lives were lost in cold murder. Reference Angelo, J. M. , (2007). Tragedy at Virginia Tech. Retrieved on 17th July 2010 from http//www. universitybusiness. com/viewarticle. aspx? articleid=758 Buckner, F. , and Firestone, M. , (2000). Where the Public Peril Begins 25 Years After Tarasoff. Retrieved on 17th July 2010 from http//cyber. law. harvard.edu/torts01/syllabus/readings/buckner. html Docstoc, (2010). Ethical and Legal Issues in Counseling Practice. Retrieved on 17th July 2010 from http//www. docstoc. com/docs/18350933/Ethical-and-Legal-Issues-in-Counseling-Practice Lipka, S. , (2010). Virginia Tech Contests Education Departments Assertion of Lat e Warning in 2007 Shootings. Retrieved on 17th July 2010 from http//chronicle. com/article/Virginia-Tech-Disagrees-With/65613/ The White House, (2007), Report to the President on Issues Raised by the Virginia Tech Tragedy, Retrieved on 17th July 2010 from http//www. hhs. gov/vtreport. html

Creativity in Translation Essay Example for Free

Creativity in Translation Essay1. Introduction Translation has been defined as follows The replacement of school textual substantial in single language by equivalent textual material in another language. (Schjoldager 2008 17) However, most representatives go out argue that comment is much much than that. And I will too. Translation has galore(postnominal) utilizations and many contrary audiences and therefore, the same text can have several different renditions. But do translators strickle advantage of the option of being original when translating? This frame will try to respond to this grouchy question. 2. Problem statement. With reference to the hypothesis and questions beneath, this mould will centralize on how and why inventiveness can be single-valued functiond in interpreting. The aim is to examine how fictive translators atomic number 18 when translating different text types. The ground level of creativeness apply in shift varies enormously when translating different text types. How can creativity in interpreting be defined? Why can a translator be creative in roughly text types and not in others? Which role does the shade of the gull group play?3. Method and mete This project will constitute an empirical case study of different translated texts by means of acomparative outline of the source texts1 and stooge texts2. Initially, the feel of translation will be defined apply primarily Anne Schjoldagers, Hans Vermeers, Christiane Nords and Katharina Reiss theories on the subject. Different relevant and important terms will be explained for use subsequent in the analysis.Creativity in relation to translation will then be defined and also, I will determine and delimitate this projects definition of creativity by suggesting a model of creativity in translation. This part will be based on Schjoldagersaforementi one and only(a)d theories as well as Loffredo and Perteghellas theory on creativity and translation. Sub sequently, I will analyse eleven translated texts of the types journalistic texts, advertising texts, tourism texts and technical texts, in parade to determine their level of creativity.Using Anne Schjoldagers models of macro- and microstrategies and Christiane Nords theories of extratextual and intratextual factors, the textual analyses will embarrass genre determination, 1 From now on termed ST. 2 From now on termed TT. Creativity in translation a study of diverse source and target texts June L. F. Holst pageboy 4 of 35 accounting of the communicative situation and purpose as well as elaboration on the microstrategies used by the translator. The TTs will be comp ared to their STs in order to decide which microstrategies have been use in the process of translation. The approach to analysis will be the same for all eleven cases as this will attain the most reliable progeny when discussing the outcome. In selecting the texts for analysis I have distinguished between actual tra nslation and copywriting.Thus, all the TTs are clearly translations of a ST, and the data consists entirely of texts that have been translated from danish to side of meat. As a supplement to the analysis, I have included a quantitative counting of the creative microstrategies applied in each TT. The purpose of this counting is solely to provide an illustrative representation of the occurrences of creative strategies in the TTs. Given that the body of empirical data in this project is relatively small, it will only allow me to attempt to come to inductive conclusions instituteed on generalisations which I base on individual instances and lively theory.In other words, this study can only constitute an indication, and a larger data basis would be necessary for deriving expirations of greater veracity. 4. Introduction to translation theory 4. 1. Defining translation In order to carry out precise analyses of the translated texts, the concepts involved must be clearly defined. Theref ore, this introductory part of the project will elaborate the notion of translation and important concepts which will be employed in the succeeding parts. 4. 1. 1. The skopos theory The skopos theory is the best known utilitarian approach to translation, and it has had great influence on professional translation.Skopos is the Greek word for Intention, purpose or function and Vermeer, who evolved the theory uses this term to emphasise the purpose with the TT, which he sees as the most important factor in the translation process (Vermeer 2000 224). The claim of the theory is that, exactly kindred all other communication, translation requires a purpose (skopos) and the translator of course have to abide by this. The so-called skopos rule (Schjoldager 2008 154) says that it is important for all translators to translate conscientiously and invariably in accordance with a given skopos.However, one ST can have several skopoi since the differentparts of it can be translated for different reasons. This project will use the notion of skopos in the sense described by Schjoldager (2008 154) the aim of the TT. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst.4. 1. 2. Presuppositions other essential notion in translation theory is the one of presuppositions. According to Nord (2005 106), presuppositions comprise all the education that the containter expects (=presupposes) tobe part of the receivers horizon. This project will adopt Nords interpretation of the term, and presuppositions are therefore regarded as the elements of the communicative situation in this case, the texts which are known to both sender and reader and which do not accept to be mentioned explicitly. When translators translate a text, they are receivers of the ST and therefore share the implicit presuppositions of the source culture. Hence, the presuppositions do not shape up until a text is translated and targeted at new receivers in the target culture (No rd 2005 106). 4. 1. 3. Reiss text types.Katharina Reiss notion of text types mainly focuses on different texts functions in the culture they were produced in and how these functions can be reflected in the translation of the text. She defines translation as the functionally equivalent text of the source text in the target culture. So, her theme of translation depends on the function and creation of the equivalent of it in the target culture. Reiss defines three main functions Informative, expressive, and operative3. The functional characteristics of the three text types are depicted in the table below. Text type Informative Expressive Operative. nomenclature function Informative (representing objects and facts) Expressive (expressing senders attitude) Appellative (making an appeal to text receiver) Language dimension Logical Aesthetic Dialogic Text focus Content-focused Form-focused Appellative-focused TT should Transmit referential gist Transmit aesthetic form Elicit desired che mical reaction Translation method Plain prose, explicitation as required Identifying method, adopt perspective of ST author Adaptive, equivalent offspring Functional characteristics of text types and links to translation methods (Reiss in Munday 2008 73).3 Reiss also includes the audiomedial text type which will be excluded here as it only concerns visual and spoken texts etc. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst paginate 6 of 35 4. 2. Macro strategy In order for the translator to decide how to translate a given text, he would have to estimate which macrostrategy would be appropriate. A macrostrategy can either be ST oriented or TT oriented.Atranslator should always decide which macrostrategy to employ to a TT with respect to the skopos of the ST. Anne Schjoldager (2008 71) suggests that the translator should take three aspects into consideration which will help deciding on a macrostrategy. She has organise up the three aspects i n the model below ST oriented macrostrategy TT oriented macrostrategy Focus on source-text form and content Focus on target-text effect Communication of somebody elses communication Mediation between primary parties in a communication Overt translation Covert translation A model of macrostrategies (Schjoldager 2008 72)If the translator is expected to focus on form and content of the ST, to be a communicator of someone elses communication and to make the translation overt, the result will be a ST oriented translation. On the contrary, if focus is on the effect of the TT, the translator functions as a mediator and produces a masked translation, the result is a TT oriented translation (Schjoldager 2008 71-72). 4. 3. Microstrategies After having decided on the macrostrategy, the microstrategies must be considered by the translator.The microstrategies applied in the text tell us something near how the translator has chosen to dealwith specific problems or issues. That is, at the micro level, i. e. in connection with words, phrases and sentences (Schjoldager 2008 89). The strategy at micro level decides how the ST should be translated in order to produce an appropriate TT. Below is Anne Schjoldagers Taxonomy of microstrategies. A to a greater extent elaborate account of the microstrategies relevant for the analysis will be presented later in connection with my definition of creativity in translation (cf. section 5. 2). Direct transfer Transfers something unchanged. Calque Transfers the structure or makes a very virtually translation.Direct translation Translates in a word-for-word procedure. Oblique translation Translates in a sense-for-sense procedure. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 7 of 35 Explicitation Makes implicit breeding explicit. paraphrasis Translates rather freely. condensate Translates in a shorter way, which may involve intimation (making explicit information implicit). Adaptation Recr eates the effect, entirely or partially.Addition Adds a unit of gist. Substitution Changes the kernel. Deletion Leaves out a unit of meaning. Permutation Translates in a different place. A taxonomy of microstrategies (Schjoldager 2008 92) 5. Creativity in translation In order to answer the question how can creativity in translation be defined, this project will suggest a model of creativity in translation, based on Anne Schjoldagers taxonomy of microstrategies above, Loffredo and Perteghellas theory on creativity and my own characterisation of creativity.According to Loffredo and Perteghella (2006 9) creativity is still regarded as aspontaneous process readily associated with a special individual and a screen of freedom, which is sustained by an individualistic conception of authorship According to this conception, the author freely expresses his thought and feelings in writing. This project, however, will have a somewhat narrower definition of creativity. The twelve aforementio ned microstrategies posed by Anne Schjoldager can be divided into more and less creative strategies. Characteristic for some of them is that they do not alter, tote up or remove any linguistic or semantic meaning when applied to the TT.This goes for direct transfer, calque, direct translation and oblique translation4 which all translates close or very close to the ST (Schjoldager 2008 93-99). Therefore, I do not consider these creative microstrategies, and texts translated using solely these cannot be considered creative translations. On the contrary, the remaining eight strategies do all in some way add to the level of creativity when applied in a translation. Though the semantic meaning is by some means rendered, there are linguistic changes when employing these strategies. Within these eight creative strategies, the degree of creativity varies as well.The model of creativity classifies the strategies explicitation, condensation and gash as slightly creative since they merely in volve elaborating on existing 4 To some extent, oblique translation can also be regarded a creative strategy, as smaller linguistic changes can occur in connection with the use of it. Though, in this project, I have chosen not to include it as a creative strategy. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 8 of 35 meaning, shortening text and taking out meaning. The top five strategies, however, are rewriting semantics of the ST or adding meaning which cannot be directly inferred from the ST. Therefore, I regard these as slightly more creative. A creative translation, though, still renders more or less all ST meaning, and this is what I find distinguishes actual translation from e. g. copywriting. 5. 1. Model of creativity High degree of creativity. Non-creative 5. 2.The creative microstrategies This section will shortly outline the important features of the above mentioned creativemicrostrategies that is, the topmost eight in the mod el of creativity. 5. 2. 1. Explicitation Explicitation makes implicit information explicit, to flummox it briefly. In literary translation, the strategy is often used to make texts more cohesive, moreover it is also seen in other kinds of translation. It is used when there is a need to expand on something, e. g. heathen bound references or presuppositions not shared by the TT audience. What makes this strategy creative is the fact that a unit of meaning is added to the text although it can be directly inferred from the ST (Schjoldager 2008 99-100).SubstitutionPermutation Adaptation retell Addition Deletion Condensation Explicitation Oblique translation Direct translation Calque Direct transfer Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 9 of 35 5. 2. 2.Condensation Condensation translates a ST unit in a shorter way which may involve making explicit information implicit implicitation. Condensation renders the already existing conte xtual meaning in a shorterway and is therefore only considered slightly creative. (Schjoldager 2008 102). 5. 2. 3. Deletion Deletion is leaving out a ST unit of meaning from the TT. The unit is completely taken out and is not implicitly present, as is the case in condensation (Schjoldager 2008 108).In that way, this microstrategy is somewhat creative although not considered one of the most creative. 5. 2. 4. Addition When a unit of meaning is added to the TT, Schjoldager (2008 104-105) refers to it as addition. The added unit cannot be directly deduced from the ST, thus, addition is different from explicitationand is also slightly more creative. 5. 2. 5. Paraphrase By paraphrasing, ST meaning is rendered, though quite freely. The TT elements can seem somewhat different to those of the ST but the contextual meaning of the elements corresponds.It can be toughened to define just how the two units of meaning correspond however, there is no doubt that they do (Schjoldager 2008 100-101). Therefore, this strategy can be considered creative. 5. 2. 6. Adaptation Adaptation is one of the most creative strategies as it does not necessarily render any contextual meaning, but rather recreates the effect of a ST item in the TT.It is applied, for example, where cultural references in the ST cannot be translated or explicated. It is somewhat similar to oblique translation and paraphrase, but is more creative and is often applied, where the translator wants to imitate the source-text authors thinking process (Schjoldager 2008 103). That is, the translator adapts the text to the TT audience and culture. When applying this strategy to larger units in a translation, it can be discussed whether it is actual translation or copywriting. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst. Page 10 of 35 5. 2. 7. Permutation Permutation is mostly used in literary translations. It translates ST effects in a different place in the TT. It is applied wh en a given ST effect cannot be rendered in the TT for linguistic or stylistic reasons. Hence, the effect is recreated somewhere else in the TT (Schjoldager 2008 109). 5. 2. 8. Substitution Again we are dealing with a rather creative strategy as substitution involves changing the meaning of a ST unit.The TT unit is clearly a translation of the ST, but the semantic meaning has changed (Schjoldager 2008 106). 6. Approach to analysis In order to comment on the level of creativity in the translated texts, an analysis of both extratextual and intratextual factors must be carried out. According to Nord (2005 43-141), the extratextual factors are aspects concerning e. g. sender, audience, medium and text function, while the intratextual factors involve subject matter, content, genre and register.In my analyses of the TTs, I will take both extratextual and intratextual factors into consideration, as well as discuss the macro-and microstrategies applied in the translations. The extratextual a nalysis will be partly inspired by Reiss theories on text types, and I will also make use of Anne Schjoldagers above-mentioned Model of macrostrategies and Taxonomy of microstrategies.The analysis will be carried out with cognisantness of the fact that all microstrategies cannot be placed in watertight boxes and conclusions will therefore be drawn on the basis of a somewhat subjective interpretation of the microstrategies. 6. 1. The data The eleven texts have been chosen in an attempt to cover different text types and genres withindifferent fields. Because of the limited time and lack of space, it is only possible to include a restricted number of texts in the analysis, which is why I have chosen four different types and analysed two or three examples within each.In all cases, I assume that the texts have originally been indite in Danish and then translated into English given that only texts from Danish companies have been selected. All STs and TTs have a length of approximately o ne shopworn page and can therefore be considered rather short texts. The data is typical data, representative of manyother texts of the same type as they are chosen more or less randomly from their natural context. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 11 of 35 7. Analysis 7. 1. Journalistic texts Journalistic texts belong partly to Reiss informative text type. Journalistic texts, such as give-and-take musical theme articles and press releases perform the function of communicating information, knowledge opinions etc. (Munday 2008 72) as facts must be reported correctly.Of course, the journalistic text type is a dense term and certain texts within the category will also be characterised by the expressive and operative function according to the field and skopos of the text.This section will comprise analysis of three texts within the journalistic type a press release, a news article and a business article. 7. 1. 1. Analysis of DSB wins stern rail contact in Sweden The text which is of the written medium was published on DSBs weavesite. It is a press release informing readers almost DSBs new rail contract in Sweden. The receivers of the text, the readers,are foreign users of DSBs website and in particular those with an interest in DSBs business concern and in business in general.The text is a translation of the Danish press release DSB vinder fjerde togkontrakt i Sverige, and I assume that it is translated by a professional translator (Schjoldager 2008 29). It is an interlingual translation as the Danish article has been translated into another language English. When readers of the press release enter the English website of DSB, the translation will appear covert to them, but since it is obvious that DSB is a Danish company and their corporate language isDanish, readers should be aware of the fact that they are reading a translation, and I will categorize the translation as more overt than covert (Schj oldager 2008 31).Generally seen, the translator of this text has mostly made use of the microstrategies direct translation and oblique. These render the content of the TT very close to the ST and are therefore not considered creative strategies according to my definition of creativity (cf. chapter 5). However, there are a a few(prenominal) examples of deletion and explicitation (appendix 1). Microstrategy ST TT Deletion ( )der ligger i det centrale Sydsverige lige syd for Sveriges n?mststorste so Vattern. Appendix 2 and 3 The Danish sentence ( )der ligger i det centrale Sydsverige lige syd for Sveriges n? ststorste so Vattern. has been go forth out in the English translation. This is an example of deletion. As the TT is Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 12 of 35 probably intended for foreigners who might not have any knowledge of the geography of Sweden,the translator has most likely found the information irrelevant and s imply left it out. It does not change the meaning or effect of the ST, and so, the translator is free to be a bit creative and scratch it. Apart from the few instances of deletion and explicitation, the press release has been translated in a fairly ST-oriented way.The skopos of the TT, and perhaps of press releases in general, is assumedly to be solely informing raft of news and new initiatives of the company. In other words, this is an example of a predominantly informative text type. Moreover, one couldimagine that a man-sized company like DSB would attempt to standardise all official communication with its customers and other stakeholders, regardless of the native language.7. 1. 2. Analysis of Claims of bribery at tax role The text is an online news paper article published at www. politiken. dk on March 24 2010, and it is a translation of the Danish text Eks-kontorchef Skattechef fik store middage af firma. It is an article informing round bribery at the Danish tax authority SKAT. The target audience both of the Danish and the English version are readers of politiken. dk and perhaps in particular those with aninterest in business matters and the company SKAT.The TT is a written, interlingual translation and presumably, the ST has been translated by a professional translator (Schjoldager 2008 29). When readers of the article enter the site with the English news, the translation will appear covert to them. Though they might be aware of the fact that the TT is a translation, it is of no significance to them as they are not expected to know the ST (Schjoldager 32). Therefore, the translation can be categorised as covert. The translation of this text is characterised by the use of quite a few creative strategies (appendix 1)).The TT is as such not very close to the ST, but still, it must be categorised a translation since more or less all information communicated by the ST is included in the TT as well. Some of the strategies which make this translation r ather creative are addition, deletion and especially paraphrase. In this analysis, though, I will only include a few examples of paraphrase, as an assessment of them all would be too extensive. Microstrategy ST TT Paraphrase Eks-kontorchef Skattechefer fik store middage af firma Claims of bribery at tax authority Appendix 4 and 5. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L.F. Holst Page 13 of 35 The first creative strategies are seen in the headline and the subheading. The Danish headline Eks- kontorchef Skattechefer fik store middage af firma is translated into Claims of bribery at tax authority. The ST meaning is rendered, though in a slightly different way. The ST headline has an agent namely the eks-kontorchef who claims the bribery. Whereas the TT headline expresses the action with a noun.That is, the translator has chosen not to just apply direct translation even though it is possible. He has translated it in a more creative way by using the s trategy of paraphrase. Microstrategy ST TT Paraphrase Tidligere kontorchef advarer i Jyllands- Posten om bestikkelse i Skat. Former tax authority department head goes whistleblower. Appendix 4 and 5. Also the subheading has not been translated by means of the more direct, non-creative microstrategies. Again, the ST meaning is rendered but in a way that is difficult to define precisely.The Danish sentence contains more explicit information and also, the term goes whistleblower issort of a fixed expression which gives the phrase a negative ring. Nevertheless, it does not add or take out meaning and therefore, it can be considered a creative translation. The examples of paraphrase together with the other creative microstrategies applied by the translator make the TT appear creative. As an article, the ST must still be considered an informative text type, and the TT is too, although the translation is somewhat TT oriented.7. 1. 3. Analysis of Vestas lands massive turbine order This TT i s a translation of the Danish version Vestas scorer historisk stor ordre, which is found at www. politiken.dk a Danish news website. It is a business article dealing with a new big turbine order of the Danish company Vestas. The target audience, therefore, consists of non Danish- speaking users of the website with an interest in Vestas businesses or in business in general.The TT is a written, intralingual translation from Danish to English, in all probability translated by a professional (Schjoldager 2008 29). Users of the site with English news might be aware of the fact that the TT is a translation but like the previous example, it is of no significance to them as they are not expected to know the ST (Schjoldager 2008 32).Hence, the translation will appear covert to them. Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L. F. Holst Page 14 of 35 The English TT is marked by several creative strategies of the kinds addition, deletion and explicitation (app endix 1). It is somewhat similar to the ST in both form and content, but many details have been altered or conformed to the target audience. Microstrategy ST TT Deletion Gl? de hos Vestas Deletion Aktion?rerne begejstrede Appendix 6 and 7. The above examples of deletion show that the two subheadings in the Danish ST has been left out in the TT which in fact is the case of many of the English news stories at politiken. dk. The example below is a very typical case of explicitation which is often found in relation to proper nouns and titles etc. which are presupposed by the source audience.Here it is the Danish company Vestas that has been explained to the foreign readers who might not share the presupposition that it is a Danish company. Microstrategy ST TT Explicitation Vindmollefabrikanten Vestas har faet sinstorste enkeltstaende ordre nogensinde Denmarks wind turbine giant Vestas has landed its biggest single order ever. Appendix 6 and 7.The above examples, together with the addi tional cases of creative translation, do not make the TT appear as creative as one would think. This is probably due to the fact that, although there are many instances of creative translation in the text, the strategies applied do not belong to the most creative microstrategies that is, the topmost strategies in the model of creativity (cf. section 5. 1).Therefore, the translation must be considered fairly ST oriented, with only the alterations required by theculture of the target audience. 7. 1. 4. Initial conclusion The three analyses of journalistic texts show that the degree of creativity in the translations varies within this text type. The press release from DSB is translated quite close to the ST seeing that mostly non-creative strategies have been applied. The article from politiken. dk about SKAT, though, has been applied several creative strategies.This is also the case of the third article about Vestas, although the strategies employed belong to the slightly less creativ e ones, and therefore the Creativity in translation a study of various source and target texts June L.F. Holst Page 15 of 35 translation does not appear that creative. Even though the three texts all include elements of creativity, they are still associated with the informative text type, as the TTs do transmit the referential and conceptual content of the ST (cf. section 4. 1. ). The analysis could have included more different types of journalistic texts and articles as for instance sports journalism and entertainment.That might have shown higher degrees ofcreativity since these kinds of texts belong more to the expressive, TT oriented texts which aim to transmit the effect of the ST rather than the form and content (Munday 2008 74). 7. 2. Tourism texts The tourist brochure is an operative text. Its dominant function is to present material in such a way that it attracts attention and invites patronage. (Snell-Hornby in Anderman Rogers 1999 95). The above extract concerns touris t brochures but can apply to all forms of tourism texts in general.Snell-Hornby argues that the main focus of tourism texts is the appeal to the audience, and that theyare culture bound. That is, their purpose and effect varies with the reader (Mary Snell-Hornby in Anderman Rogers 1999 95). According to Reiss (Munday 2008 73), the tourist text is one of the hybrid text types since it provides information about a subject, attempts to persuade readers to withdraw a certain attraction, and at the same time it can have expressive features.In this section, three tourism texts from the web will be analysed. 7. 2. 1. Analysis of Petzi moves into Tivoli Gardens The text is a translation of the Danish ST Rasmus Klump flytter ind I Tivoli.It was published onthe website of the Danish amusement park, Tivoli, with the aim of informing tourists about a new attraction, Petzis World. Therefore, the target audience of this TT is tourists visiting Denmark or foreign people living in Denmark who pla ns to pay a visit to Tivoli. The TT is a written, interlingual translation and most likely, the ST has been translated by a professional translator commissioned by Tivoli (Schjoldager 2008 29). Tourists entering the website are almost certainly aware of the fact that Tivoli is a Danish corporation thus they know that they are reading translated texts when choosing the English version of the website.